Essay about The Trial of Galileo - 598 Words

The Trial of Galileo The trial of Galileo is an important event in the history of science. We now know, the Roman Catholic church now recognizes, that Galileos view was correct. What were the arguments on both sides of the issue as it was unfolding? Search the web for documents that chronicle the trial and discuss briefly the case for and against Galileo in the context of the times in which the trial occurred. Be sure to accurately reference your web sources! Your posting should be about 2 paragraphs long, and will necessarily need to be fairly concise. End with your opinion about whether or not a similar trial could possible occur in todays civilizations. Support your position. Galileo†¦show more content†¦Even though Galileos beliefs were held in practicing Catholicsim, his writings were showing evidence for â€Å"Copernican heliocentrism.† The Catholic Church, however, disapproved of heliocentricity, feeling that it was contrary to the statements in the Bible: if God created human beings as His supreme creation, He would place man at the center of His cosmos. (At that time the more literal Biblical interpretation was prevalent with the church fathers, especially among the Dominican Order, facilitators of the Inquisition)2 However, real power layed with the Church, and Galileos arguments were most fiercely fought on the religious level. Cardinal Robert Bellarmine insisted that Galileo furnish more adequate proof of his new theories before he would be allowed to teach them as true or even as probably true. Until the proof was put together, the ideas should only be taught as hypothesis. In 1623 Pope Gregory XV died, and Galileos close friend Maffeo Barberini became Pope Urban VIII. The new Pope gave Galileo vague permission to ignore the ban and write a book about his opinions, so long as he did not openly support his theory. Galileo consented, and set to work writing his masterpiece, â€Å"Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems.† Galileo gave more emphasis to mathematical arguments rather than to experimental or physical arguments inShow MoreRelatedThe Trial Of Galileo Galilei1882 Words   |  8 Pagestimes even lent evidence to support each other as being true. However, this all cha nged after the trial of Galileo Galilei in 1633. Galileo was put on trial by the Catholic Church for his heliocentric theory, which the Church declared as being contradictory to the truth of the geocentric theory as spoken by Ptolemy and the Bible. Despite the scientific observations and evidence presented by Galileo in support of the heliocentric theory, the Church struck it down because it contradicted their ownRead MoreThe Trial Of Galileo And The Catholic Church987 Words   |  4 PagesIn the Trial of Galileo, The Roman Catholic church is the largest christian church in the Western civilization .The moral aspect concerns salvation. The Catholic Church was directed by the Holy Scripture by the Church Fathers, which provided the means of eternal salvation: those don t renounce the Catholic Church of Catholicism place their souls in peril. Protestantism was an enemy Galileo had encountered but it derives the Catholic Church of converts because it deprives people from the true idea lRead MoreNicholas Copernicus : The Father Of Modern Science1728 Words   |  7 PagesGalileo Galilei, the most renowned scientist of the Renaissance period, or the â€Å"father of modern science† was known as a jack-of-all-trades: he was an astronomer, physicist, engineer, philosopher, and mathematician just to name a few. But perhaps what he is most known for is spurring the scientific revolution in the late seventeenth century. Galileo challenged what was then considered common knowledge for almost 30 years: for example, the idea of a heliocentric universe. The most controversial ofRead MoreComparison Between Foscarini And Galileo1429 Words   |  6 PagesDestiny Dunham Professor Westman CAT 1 8 November 2016 Foscarini and Galileo Paper Prior to the seventeenth century, geocentrism was nearly universally accepted. The views of Aristotle and Ptolemy became common teachings in universities and the church. It had been common practice to see the Earth as the concrete and unmoving center of the universe, and the sun as but another heavenly body which rotated around the Earth. However, as technology was expanding, new inventions and devices were appearingRead MoreGeocentric Model Of The Galaxy1683 Words   |  7 Pageschastised for it. Galileo Galilei was an astronomer, physicist, engineer, philosopher, and mathematician. When Galileo published his book, The Dialogue, which regarded the positioning of the solar system, the Church believed it was less hypothetical than they expected it to be, which proved to be problematic. The clash between Galileo and the Church can be defined as the difference between Galileo’s belief in heliocentricity, the Church’s belief in geocentricity, and the trial between Galile o and the ChurchRead MoreThe Controversy over the Discoveries of Galileo Galilei Essay examples795 Words   |  4 PagesGalileo Galilei, born February 15th 1564 in the town of Pisa, a man who played a significant role in the Scientific Revolution, he was a man of many talents as he was not only an artist, astronomer and engineer he was also a philosopher, mathematician and physicist to name a few. One of his most outstanding improvements were those made to the telescope, although Galileo’s observations, made using the telescope, would be one that would arouse much attention and create a great controversy. GalileoRead MoreGalileo1113 Words   |  5 PagesGalileo Galilei Galileo Galilei was considered the central figure of the scientific revolution of the 17th century. His role in the history of science was a critical one. He revolutionized the way in which science was conducted, and performed experiments to test his ideas, which led him to be regarded as the father of experimental science. Galileo was born on February 15th, 1564 in Pisa, and was the oldest of seven children. His father, Vincenzo Galilei was a famous composer, lutenist, and musicRead MoreGalileo versus the Catholic Church1679 Words   |  7 Pages145). Copernicus proposed than an axis-revolving Earth circumnavigated around the heart of the universe, the Sun (Andrade, 120). Father Lorini, a Dominican friar and professor of ecclesiastical history in Florence, was among the first to criticize Galileo for his Copernican views (Linder). The Copernican theory contravened the belief of the Holy Scripture that the Earth was in the middle of the universe (Andrade, 125). Lorini used Joshua 1 0:13 and Isaiah 40:22 as support. Joshua 10:13 states that â€Å"SoRead MoreResearh of Galileo Galilei Essay573 Words   |  3 PagesResearh of Galileo Galilei The Italian physicist was born is Pisa on 15 February 1564 (see appendix B). He was the first of seven children. Galileo was educated by a tutor and his father, a nobleman and well known for musical studies. At the age of 11 he was sent to a local monastery where he, like other children of noble people studied Greek, Latin, religion and music. Following his fathers wish, he continued his education, at the age of 17 he enrolled as a student of medicine at the UniversityRead MoreGalileo Galilei And The Modern Experimental Method1445 Words   |  6 PagesGalileo Galilei was born in Pisa, Italy on February 15, 1564. â€Å"His father, Vincenzio Galilei, was a musician whose originality and polemic talents fomented a revolution uniting practice and theory in music much as Galileo was to unite them in science.†I Galileo is credited with establishing the modern experimental method in a time when most progress made by scientists and thinkers was based on hypotheses alone. He began th e practice of testing scientific theories by preforming experiments and observing

Parole For The Elderly - 1147 Words

Parole For The Elderly CJHS/430 Evelyn Diaz 12/08/14 Tina Sebring Paroling the elderly and sick could be the best way to deal with the cost and overcrowding of he prisons. There is a large number of inmates who are elderly and have served half their sentence or more. Even though this is a good idea there are many factors that need to be taken into consideration. The most important of these factors is community safety. In this paper, we will discuss the arguments for and against keeping sick and older adult prisoners in jail. With the rising cost of medical care for the more elderly and chronically ill in the prison system the state has to find a way to bring down costs. One of the ways they are trying to accomplish this†¦show more content†¦The high costs of keeping the elderly and ill incarcerated and the burden on families and communities they are released to are two issues that need to be taken into consideration. The Department of Corrections needs to work more closely with communities to figure out a way to benefit both sides. The release of elderly and ill inmates is the one thing that makes the most sense because the elderly are people that have served most of their time. It serves no purpose to keep them there until they die. Because they are elderly, they suffer from a number of illnesses that cost the state millions yearly in medical care. There are many inmates that are old and frail and may need constant medical assistance. Releasing the elderly and ill will also help in reducing som e of the overcrowding of the prisons. Community leaders have to work with the prisons and reach out to their communities to make the transition for these inmates as cost efficient as possible. Members of communities can help by providing the programs and services that will be needed for them and the families they may be released to. The reality of this argument is that the society has to exhibit some compassion even for those who have broken its laws. The costs of health care in the prisons will rise well above the billions by the year 2019. In order to start reducing the cost states are consideringShow MoreRelatedElderly Parole Essay1297 Words   |  6 PagesParole for the Elderly Tynesha Wilson CJHS 430 November 17, 2014 Christopher Abreu Parole for the Elderly There are many arguments for and against confining the sick and elderly adults in jail. Some of the arguments include but are not limited to the cost to house these inmates (elderly and sick), monies used to house these inmates could be used to fund other programs, where will these inmates go once they are released, the reduction of overcrowding in the prison system, may increase crimeRead MoreSolving The Problem Of An Aging Prison Population1250 Words   |  5 Pagesincreased health care services and sometimes require assistance conducting mundane daily tasks such as bathing, dressing and eating. Older prisoners require assistance just as the elderly may require assistance as a hospice. The costs of these additional requirements result in a substantial increase in incarcerating elderly prisoners. Since the goal of corrections is to rehabilitate and release inmates back into society, the health care required for prisoners on the inside will also be required uponRead MoreThe Issue O f Compassionate Release1167 Words   |  5 Pagesover the last two decades, there was a push to increase arrests, and length of incarceration of criminal offenders. Due to the increase in numbers of offenders incarcerated and the length of their sentences the prison has an increasing population of elderly offenders. In light of this situation, the need to provide medical care for this population has become increasingly more expensive than anyone anticipated. Therefore, there has been a great deal of attention to what is known as compassionate releaseRead MorePrison and Program Review Committee Essay1188 Words   |  5 Pagesarguments do they think have merit? What values underlie each position? How does medical parole or release fit into this discussion? Provide alternative solutions to the problem and discuss their overall impacts. Parole for the elderly CJHS/430 Parole for the elderly The idea of sympathetic release of ill and elderly prisoners is not new. In 1994, Professor Russell published consideration of medical parole and compassionate release programs of district and fifty states of Columbia. Only threeRead MoreAmerica s Spending On The Prison System916 Words   |  4 Pagesprisons, Arizona Legislatures must focus on finding new reforms to limit the population and cost of prisons without harming its citizens. Allowing elderly convicts the option to stay inside their home or nursing home removes the burden of Arizona constantly providing for these elderly. Connecticut created 60 West, a nursing home that catered to elderly prisoners, that saved â€Å"more than $5 million in corrections health care costs annually† (Vestal). Critics of the this new reform system argued thatRead MorePrison Management Strategies The principal goal of prison management is social control.1300 Words   |  6 Pagesupholding good conduct. â€Å"The administration’s plan will allow non–violent second strikers to reduce their sentence by up to 33 percent going forward. During the time these offenders are in the community earlier than they would have otherwise been, state parole agents (rather than county probation officers) will supervise them and any revocation terms will be served in state prison† (Legislative Analyst Office). Usually, after that period of time, these offenders will be observed in their communities byRead MoreBeing A Citizen Of The United States1199 Words   |  5 Pagesargument of elderly prisoners who experience diseases, most likely caused by their old age, had the potential to be released from prison and cared for by their families; I was immediately intrigued by the proposal. Introduced in the editorial, â€Å"Why Keep the Old and Sick Behind Bars?† published in The New York Times. One of the main reasons behind their release is the expense of an elderly criminal’s care, an expense the tax payers must meet. Some statistics show that a very low percent of elderly prisonersRead MoreThe Incarceration Of Aging And Elderly1474 Words   |  6 Pagesindividuals held in the United States Prison system has been growing rapidly. Numerous studies have found that the prison population that is growing most rapidly is the elderly population. For the purposes of this paper, the term aging and elderly population will refer to those who are incarcerated and are over the age of 61. As the number of elderly inmates continues to increase the number of stressors put on both the correctional system and the individual. In general, the correctional system faces a significantRead MoreEvaluation Of A Probation Supervision1737 Words   |  7 Pageshas been described as the strictest form of probation for adults in the United States, and is designed to achieve control in a community setting over offenders who would otherwise go to prison. Some states have extended intensive supervision to paroles, allowing the early release of some who would otherwise serve longer prison terms. The book also mentions that this type of probation can be effective by saying, a study published in 2000 shows that IPS programs can be effective at reducing recidivismRead More1: Crime and People819 Words   |  4 Pagesother age group is experiencing unprecedented incarceration rates? Does this surprise you? Why or why not? Another age group experiencing unprecedented incarceration rates is with very elderly people. Yes, it surprises me very much. I was not expecting to read that at all. I guess mainly because I figured that most elderly people would have a lot more common sense not to do that, and the fact that how are they able to be doing this kind of stuff at their age some of these elders can barely even walk,

definition of contract in european law Essay Example For Students

definition of contract in european law Essay INTRODUCTIONIn my report I am going to look at the formation of contract issue in English Law. I am going to give a brief explanation of how a contract forms. The main body of the project will be about the Termination of Offer. After giving explanations to that matter I will give an example on the same subject under another countrys law jurisdiction. DEFINITION OF CONTRACT IN ENGLISH LAWA contract may be defined as an agreement enforceable by the law between two or more persons to do or abstain from doing same act or acts, their intention being to create legal relations and not merely to exchange mutual promises. In order to decide whether a contract has become into being it is necessary to establish that there has been agreement between the parties. In consequences it must in general be shown that an offer was made by one party called the offeror which was accepted by the other party called the offeree. OFFERAn offer is an announcement of a persons willingness to enter into a contract. An offer may be made to a particular person or, in some cases, to the public at large. An offer to the public at large can only be made where the contract which eventually comes into being is an unilateral one, i.e. where there is a promise on one side for an act on the other. TERMINATION OF OFFERIf an offer is not turned into a contract by acceptance, it may be terminated, that is it may loose its ability to be converted into a contract in a number of ways. First, an offer may be rejected. This destroys the efficacy of the offer in so far as the particular offeree is concerned. The result is that it is no longer open to the offeree to change his mind, and accept the offer after all, unless indeed the offeror renews the offer. If it is asked why the offeree should not be able to change his mind, and have a second bite at the cherry, there are two possible answers. One is that it simply seems fair and right that if an acceptance is immediately binding when communicated, likewise a rejection should be immediately binding. But another possible reason is that if the offeree rejects the offer, the offeror may immediately act on this, for instance, by offering to make the same bargain with a third party. It would then obviously be unfair to allow the offeree to react his rejection. If the second of these was a chief reason for the rule, then the rule should perhaps not apply where the offer is rejected by mistake, and the offeree immediately withdraws the rejection before the offeror has acted on it, and seeks instead to accept it. But it has been held that an offeree may not do this, so perhaps the first of these reasons is the stronger.REVOCATIONThe general rule is that an offer may be revoked, i.e. withdrawn, at any time before acceptance. If there is an option attached to the offer as where the offeror agrees to give seven days for acceptance, the offeror need to keep the offer open for seven days but can revoke it without incurring legal liability unless the offeree has given some consideration for the option. Where consideration, e.g. a payment of, or a promise to pay, money, has been given by the offeree the offeror may still revoke his offer and sell the property which was the subject-matter of the offer to someone else. He will, however, be liable to an action for damages for breach option. It was thought at one time that where the option to buy property was not supported by consideration, the offer could be re voked merely by its sale to another. .ud4e5541a76a1526f2ab65c36045cbc24 , .ud4e5541a76a1526f2ab65c36045cbc24 .postImageUrl , .ud4e5541a76a1526f2ab65c36045cbc24 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud4e5541a76a1526f2ab65c36045cbc24 , .ud4e5541a76a1526f2ab65c36045cbc24:hover , .ud4e5541a76a1526f2ab65c36045cbc24:visited , .ud4e5541a76a1526f2ab65c36045cbc24:active { border:0!important; } .ud4e5541a76a1526f2ab65c36045cbc24 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud4e5541a76a1526f2ab65c36045cbc24 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud4e5541a76a1526f2ab65c36045cbc24:active , .ud4e5541a76a1526f2ab65c36045cbc24:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud4e5541a76a1526f2ab65c36045cbc24 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud4e5541a76a1526f2ab65c36045cbc24 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud4e5541a76a1526f2ab65c36045cbc24 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud4e5541a76a1526f2ab65c36045cbc24 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud4e5541a76a1526f2ab65c36045cbc24:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud4e5541a76a1526f2ab65c36045cbc24 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud4e5541a76a1526f2ab65c36045cbc24 .ud4e5541a76a1526f2ab65c36045cbc24-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud4e5541a76a1526f2ab65c36045cbc24:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Nature EssayREJECTION OF OFFERSExpress rejection of an offer has the effect of terminating the offer. The offeree can not subsequently accept the original offer. A counter-offer, where the offeree tries to change the terms of the offer has the same effect. In Hyde v Wrench (1840) Wrench offered to sell his farm foe 1,000. Hyde offered 950, which Wrench rejected. Hyde then informed Wrench that he accepted the original offer. It was held that there was no contract. Hydes counter-offer had effectively ended the original offer and it was no longer open to him to accept it. A counter-offer must not be confused with a request of information. Such a request does not end the offer, which can still be accepted after the new information has elicited. LAPSE OF TIMEIf a time for acceptance has been stipulated than the offer lapses when the time has expired. If no time has been stipulated then acceptance must be within a reasonable time, and this is a matter of fact for the judge to decide on the circumstances of the case. DEATHDeath after an offer has been accepted cannot effect the validity of a contract. There are, however, cases where either the offeror or the offeree dies before the offer is accepted. If the offeror dies, the offer does not seem to terminate automatically (except where the offer is clearly of such a type that it must end on death). However, the offeree cannot accept the offer once he knows of death of the offeror. The effects of the death of the offeree have not been decided conclusively but uncontradicted dicta suggest that the offer lapses. In Reynolds v Atherton, it was suggested that an offer, being made to a living person, cannot survive his death and be accepted by someone else. This may be an illustration of the basic rule that an offer made to A cannot be accepted by B. On the other hand, if an offer is made to A or B there seems no reason why the death of B should prevent A accepting it. DEFINITION OF CONTRACT IN GERMAN LAWA contract actually consists of two acts: the agreement or the conclusion of a contract of sale as the obligating act (Verpflichtungsgeschaft or Beschluss ), and the performance (Verfugungsgeschaft ), which consists of the transfer of ownership and delivery to the buyer. The letter thus fulfils the declarations of intent in the former. These different legal actions are separated by the principle of abstraction. FORMATION OF A CONTRACT AND TERMINATION OF OFFEROFFER:The offer is a declaration of intent which must be received by the other party. An offer becomes effective only when received by the other party, if not made in the presence of the offeree. Offers made in the actual presence of the offeree or to those in direct contact, i.e. by telephone, must be accepted immediately to remain effective. Any delay will cause the offer to lapse automatically. Whoever makes an offer capable of being accepted, is bound by the offer or if no time is specified, is bound to keep the offer open for a reasonable time. An offer is open to immediate acceptance only by the person to whom it is made if that person is either present or in contact by telephone. The result is that most offer in Germany are not offers but, as with shop displays, would be regarded as invitation to treat. This is known in Germany under the Latin expression invitatio ad offerendum . However, in keeping with ideas of contractual freedom, the offeror can avoid being bound to keep an offer open by including the words freibleibend ( subject to change ) or widerruflich ( revocable ) or ohne Obligo ( without obligation ). Any enquiries as a result or offers made by the other party to the invitation to treat would be treated as an offer. The offer is extinguished if it has been turned down, in which case this declaration must be received by the offeror, if the acceptance is not received in time, or if there is a counter-offer or there is a late acceptance which is treated as a new offer itself. .u61b7feaf7bf555ede399c913cd7f3deb , .u61b7feaf7bf555ede399c913cd7f3deb .postImageUrl , .u61b7feaf7bf555ede399c913cd7f3deb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u61b7feaf7bf555ede399c913cd7f3deb , .u61b7feaf7bf555ede399c913cd7f3deb:hover , .u61b7feaf7bf555ede399c913cd7f3deb:visited , .u61b7feaf7bf555ede399c913cd7f3deb:active { border:0!important; } .u61b7feaf7bf555ede399c913cd7f3deb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u61b7feaf7bf555ede399c913cd7f3deb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u61b7feaf7bf555ede399c913cd7f3deb:active , .u61b7feaf7bf555ede399c913cd7f3deb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u61b7feaf7bf555ede399c913cd7f3deb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u61b7feaf7bf555ede399c913cd7f3deb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u61b7feaf7bf555ede399c913cd7f3deb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u61b7feaf7bf555ede399c913cd7f3deb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u61b7feaf7bf555ede399c913cd7f3deb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u61b7feaf7bf555ede399c913cd7f3deb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u61b7feaf7bf555ede399c913cd7f3deb .u61b7feaf7bf555ede399c913cd7f3deb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u61b7feaf7bf555ede399c913cd7f3deb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: My Career summary EssayACCEPTANCEThe rule is that acceptance, which is also a declaration of intent in the same way as an offer, is effective on arrival, i.e. on receipt. Acceptance must also be unreserved and unconditional. This is important where the offers are left open for a reasonable time or in respect of posting. Therefore, the German rule is that a posted acceptance is binding on receipt. This is interpreted to mean, in a business context, within the sphere of the influence (Machtbereich) of the recipient and, in respect of letters, when it would reasonably be expected the letter would be collected from the mailbox. An offer or acceptance will not be effective if a revocation reached the other party before or at the same time. Therefore, if an offer or acceptance is to be effectively revoked, the revocation must arrive sooner than, or at least simultaneously with, the original. Unless an offer is accepted in a reasonable time it will be extinguished. Acceptance is only possible by those to whom an offer is made. A late acceptance is viewed as a new counter-offer, as are changes or additions. Bibliography 1. Atiyah, P.S. (1995). An Introduction to The Law Of Contract. (4th Edition) Oxford: Clarendon Press 2. Card, R. and James, J. (1997). Law For Accountancy Students. (6th Edition) London: Butterworths3. Foster N.G. (1994). German Legal System Laws. 4. Mueller, R. (1978). Doing Business in Germany. ( 8th Edition) Frankfurt Am Main: Fritz Knapp Verlag.

Candide Voltaires Writing Style Essay Example For Students

Candide Voltaires Writing Style Essay In Candide, Voltaire uses many writing techniques which can also be found in the works of Cervantes, Alighieri, Rabelais and Moliere. The use of the various styles and conventions shows that, despite the passage of centuries and the language differences, certain writing techniques will always be effective. One common literary technique is the authors use of one or more of his characters as his voice to speak out the authors views on a certain subject. For instance, in Molieres Tartuffe, the author uses the character of Cleante to speak out against religious hypocrites page 1419, lines 99-102: Nothing that I more cherish and admire Than honest zeal and true religious fire. So there is nothing that I find more base Than specious pietys dishonest face. In Candide, Voltaire makes use of several characters to voice his opinion mocking philosophical optimism. On page 1594, Candide is asking a gentleman about whether everything is for the best in the physical world as well as the moral universe. The man replies: I believe nothing of the sort. I find that everything goes wrong in our world; that nobody knows his place in society or his duty, what hes doing or what he ought to be doing, and that outside of mealtimes the rest of the day is spent in useless quarrels -its one unending warfare. By having this character take on such a pessimistic tone, he directly contradicts the obviously over-optimistic tone of Candide. In the conclusion page 1617 an old turk instructs Candide in the futility of needless philosophizing by saying that he work keeps us from three great evils, boredom, vice, and poverty. In each of these examples, the character chosen by the author comes across as a reasonable and respectable person, making the authors point of view seem just as reasonable and respectable. Another technique Voltaire uses in Candide is that of taking actual people and events and weaving into his work of fiction. He often does this to mock or ridicule his political and literary adversaries, as shown in the conversation between the abbe and the Parisian supper guests page 1593. The abbe mentions two critics who in Voltaires time have criticized his work. The critics are referred to as boring and impudent by the supper guests. In much the same manner Alighieri, in The Divine Comedy, has placed many of his enemies in various circles of Hell. In one instance page 797, Dante himself pushes one of his political enemies back down into the swampy waters of the river Styx. In Gargantua and Pantagruel, Rabelais mentions a series of text books which are a part of the sort of educational curriculum that he is satirizing. He ridicules their use in that it takes Gargantua so long to learn simple tasks such as memorizing the alphabet. In each of these cases, the authors are able to speak out against people or practices in a way less confrontational than public speaking, as well as state their opinion in a form where they 1 cannot be immediately contradicted. Voltarie has occasion to use the comedic style of exaggeration in Candide, such as the Barons sister refusing to marry Candides father because he can only prove seventy-one quarterings of his family tree. Later, Candide is sentenced to receive a flogging for having deserted the Bulgar army. He must make thirty-six passes through the gauntlet of two thousand troops. More outlandish examples of exaggeration can be found in Gargantua and Pantagruel, such as the size of Gargantuas mare as big as six elephants or the weight of his dumbbells each one is eight hundred and five tons. Beside being entertaining to read, these exaggerations serve to point out the ridiculousness of an ideal by showing it in a preposterous light. The format in which Candide is written closely resembles that of Cervantes Don Quixote. .ue2d595ddc84627fc6b833ec33808e39b , .ue2d595ddc84627fc6b833ec33808e39b .postImageUrl , .ue2d595ddc84627fc6b833ec33808e39b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue2d595ddc84627fc6b833ec33808e39b , .ue2d595ddc84627fc6b833ec33808e39b:hover , .ue2d595ddc84627fc6b833ec33808e39b:visited , .ue2d595ddc84627fc6b833ec33808e39b:active { border:0!important; } .ue2d595ddc84627fc6b833ec33808e39b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue2d595ddc84627fc6b833ec33808e39b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue2d595ddc84627fc6b833ec33808e39b:active , .ue2d595ddc84627fc6b833ec33808e39b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue2d595ddc84627fc6b833ec33808e39b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue2d595ddc84627fc6b833ec33808e39b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue2d595ddc84627fc6b833ec33808e39b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue2d595ddc84627fc6b833ec33808e39b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue2d595ddc84627fc6b833ec33808e39b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue2d595ddc84627fc6b833ec33808e39b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue2d595ddc84627fc6b833ec33808e39b .ue2d595ddc84627fc6b833ec33808e39b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue2d595ddc84627fc6b833ec33808e39b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sup Natl in macbeth1 EssayIn both books, the authors have chosen to name each chapter in a descriptive style; the name of the chapter tends to be a brief description of the action that is to take place within it. Compare chapter three of Don Quixote, Of the amusing manner in which Don Quixote had himself dubbed a knight. with chapter three of Candide, How Candide Escaped from the Bulgars, and What Became of Him. Alighieri uses this method in The Divine Comedy as well, although on a much less descriptive level. Each of the cantos in his Divine Comedy has short three or four word descriptions of what happens in the canto. Many chapters in Candide end with some sort of lead-in to the next chapter, giving the book a certain feel similar to todays television serials. This method is used in Don Quixote chapter 8, but in a much more dramatic fashion. Just as Don Quixote is about to go into battle with the Biscayan, the action is abruptly halted by the narrator who describes how the original author had not finished the story, but that a second author had picked up where the first left off and the action continues in the next chapter. While Cervantes may have been poking fun at this method by useing it in such an exaggerated manner, both he and Voltaire use it effectively to keep the readers attention and make him want to read on to find out what happens next. In Candide, the story is written such that the main character and usually one or more companions have set out on a great journey filled with adventures. It is in this journey that Candides outlook on life is challenged; he is forced to become less optimistic about this world being the best of all possible worlds. Similarly, in The Divine Comedy, Dante goes on a journey as well; through Hell, Purgatory and Heaven with his guide Virgil. Through his travels he is shown the error of other mens ways, serving to remind him of his own sins and to put him back on the right path in life. In Don Quixote, the would-be knight-errant sets out with his sidekick Sancho Panza on an adventure too; determined to right wrongs and save damsels in distress. Through the harsh realities of life he eventually comes out of his insanity and sees that his way of life in his modern world is outdated and obsolete. In placing their characters in these adventures the authors demonstrate that, through experience with real-world situations, these men trying to live by some outdated or far-fetched ideal soon learn the error in their reasoning and adapt themselves to the authors way of thinking. From these examples it can be seen how Voltaire, a writer from the Enlightenment period, uses methods from writers centuries before him to effectively communicate his point to his contemporary readers. The times and issues may be quite different, but the writing style works just as well for him as it did all the way back to the twelfth century.

The Mining Sector of Australia New Taxation Arrangements

Introduction It is a long established fact that the extraction of nonrenewable natural resources is the major source of government revenue in many countries. Based on the relationship between the government and extraction companies, there are various legal and economic approaches that can be used to maintain equity in this relationship.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Mining Sector of Australia: New Taxation Arrangements specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, the company may be given ownership of the resource through purchase or lease, or may obtain a license permitting the exploitation of the resource (Lund 2008). Regardless of the approach used the extract should be subjected to some form of taxation in order to generate revenue from exploitation. Within Australia the mining sector has long played a vital role in the development of the nation. Through political stability and regulatory arrangements t he nation has managed to capitalize on mineral demand in partnership with experts in mining from other countries (Novak Moran 2011). Based on this trend it was long believed that benefits accrued from mining activities would flow into the future. However, recent trends prompted by a commonwealth budget deficit driven by a largely unproductive fiscal stimulus have led to the laying aside of such beliefs and the initiation of new taxation arrangements for miners (Novak Moran 2011). The basis for this new legislation is built upon the idea of extracting a fairer share of revenue from mining in comparison to other sectors of the Australian economy. The government suggests that this policy will play a role in the reduction of divergence in economic growth between resource rich and non resource rich regions of the country (OECD 2008). The introduction of this new tax has generated significant debate about the merits of taxing economic success and policy issues related specifically to th e mining industry (Novak Moran 2011). It is necessary to thus analyze how this tax will affect the industry due to the fact that mining makes a major contribution to the Australian economy. In this report a review of literature on the subject will be used to make the analysis. Literature Review In review of literature it has been observed based on reports that in 2010-11 mining related activity accounted for almost 9 percent of the GDP compared to 5 percent a decade ago (Novak Moran 2011). This current contribution to the economy is comparable to the resource boom periods of the early 1900’s and 1980’s.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The relative importance of the mining industry in relation to national output is also reflected in the significant increase in actual capital investments that have been made in the mining sector (Novak Moran 2011). In relation to this fact data indicates that in 2010-11 mining investment contributed to 40% of total private investments compared to 12% a decade earlier (Novak Moran 2011). The increased contribution to the GDP comes at a time when there has been a general decline in productivity despite improved performance. There are a number of arguments that have been made in relation to this reduction in productivity including, long lead time between investment in new mining capacity and output, logistic difficulties associated with extraction, labor market, regulations and quality of infrastructure (Novak Moran 2011). Whilst this reduced productivity remains a matter of concern it is believed that once existing projects reach their full production capacity there will be a reversal in trends related to productivity. It should be noted that while the mining sector makes major contribution to the Australian economy, the mining sector bears the highest tax rate after accounting for state and territorial r oyalty payments (Novak Moran 2011). It has been suggested that the increase in levels of taxation within the mining industry may diminish incentive to invest in Australia. This notion is worth giving consideration given the fact that Australia receives 13% of the global mining exploration share. It is reported that the country comes only after Canada in terms of the amount of global funds invested to perform exploration activities for mineral resources (Novak Moran 2011). This move has the potential to send potential investors in search of more fiscally hospitable venues. In addition to that it has been noted that excessive taxation in any country with substantial resources will distort world development causing a reduction in international income levels (Novak Moran 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Mining Sector of Australia: New Taxation Arrangements specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Diversion of a ctivity to other locations thus can be particularly detrimental to Australia given the large amount of minerals available. This position suggests a need to reconsider the tax in order to prevent any adverse outcome based on the implementation of the legislation. In another review of literature on newly implemented Minerals Resource Rent Tax (MRRT), it has been mentioned that the current global economic climate is not very favorable. This is based on trends that indicate Europe and the US are yet to fully recover from the 2007 economic crisis (Garnaut 2010). The poor global economic environment raises important questions on whether contemporary governments of democratic capitalist countries have the capacity to implement policies in public interest that are contested by powerful private interests (Garnaut 2010). It has been reported that governments in capitalist economies face constant challenges posed by citizens and lobby groups. The response to these challenges in relation climat e change will play a major role in determining prospects for these countries (Garnaut 2010). Current statistics indicate that Australia is faring better than other rich countries after the Great Crash. It has been suggested that this has been assisted by rapid growth in large Asian developing countries (Garnaut 2010). However, some reports indicate that the main reason for this position is the improved policy making processes in the past couple decades. This improved policy making approach is based on the increased interest in reform focused on national interest as opposed to private interests. However, the implementation of the Minerals Resource Rent Tax (MRRT) appears to have reverted Australian political culture back to one which responds to pressure from vested sectional interests (Garnaut 2010). Therefore, the implementation of this tax has been seen to draw powerful negative response from businesses involved in the resources sector. This policy appears to indicate that the Aus tralian government has taken a preference for propositions that show greater potential with regard to national interest at the expense of private interests that provide significant revenue (Garnaut 2010).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is based on the position that any system of taxation is expected to be as far as possible neutral. The ideal of neutrality suggests that in the absence of suitable justification, the tax should not alter decisions on investment, production or trade (Garnaut 2010). This quest for neutrality is not meant to exclude use of special taxes to correct externalities. Thus, neutral taxation allows efficient allocation of resources after private participants have taken constraints of externalities into account (Garnaut 2010). Since minerals lie under immobile tracts of land the relationship and identification of rent is clear and practical. The choice to use MRRT was based on the fact that rent based taxation imposes lower economic costs and provides proper representation of resources than other forms of taxation (Garnaut 2010). However, it has been noted that the imposition of such a tax may have major impact on new exploration activity in Australia. This suggests that imposition of suc h a tax may have an impact on the currently large amount of exploration activity within Australia. The above position is also reiterated in another article on the issue of Resource Rent Taxation by the same author (Garnaut 2010, p. 349). In this article title Principles and Practice of Resource Rent Taxation, the author describes various issues that relate to the MRRT. The author mentions that it is a fact that the more taxation can be focused on economic rent, the lower the economic burden of taxation (Garnaut 2010, p. 349). In this article the author mentions that in cases when opportunity to impose rent tax arise it is important to be careful that the rent is not economists refer to as Quasi Rent. These quasi rents are payments that in the long term provide incentive to maintain an economically valuable resource allocation (Garnaut 2010, p. 349). In relation to mining it has been mentioned that the total return received from natural resources must include some return for explorat ion activities. Such returns can be termed to be the quasi rent of exploration. Because of this a current mine will continue to operate despite taxation which limits its ability to cover exploration costs. However, on the contrary new exploration will be affected. This is because this form of taxation will diminish the incentive for new mine development (Garnaut 2010, p. 349). This article provides support for the argument that the MRRT will most likely reduce the exploration activity in Australia. The subject of the MRRT has caused some controversy within the mining sector and there is a need to address the situation to mitigate possible consequences of the action. In attempts to achieve this, the report identified an article discussing theoretical perspectives on resource tax design. The report states that natural resources are a large portion of wealth in many countries. Based on this position the approach used in managing their revenue potential can play a major role in a nation ’s prosperity and economic development (Boadway Keen 2008). It has been mentioned that the period between discovery and exploitation of natural resources can be long and may involve expenditure of hundreds of millions of dollars (Boadway Keen 2008). In addition to that it has been noted that significant expenditure is made prior to the generation of any cash flow. Such expenditure is considered sunk costs and cannot be recovered. Due to this position the imposition of rents should always give adequate consideration so that these rents do not distort decisions within the sector (Boadway Keen 2008). The possibility of distorting decisions within an industry suggests that there is an urgent need to address approach by which taxation should be implemented. The issue then becomes identification of features that prevent the application of taxation at 100 or close to 100 percent. This brings to the fore the need of distinguishing rents from quasi rents (Boadway keen 2008). It is believed that if this is done the quasi rents should be taxed less heavily so that there is little effect on decisions to undertake new exploration activity. It has been suggested that one approach that maybe used in solving the problem posed by MRRT is the use of Production Sharing Agreements (PSA’s). It has been reported that such agreements are commonly used within the oil and gas industry (Boadway Keen 2008). Under this approach the government will share the profit from the resource after consideration and accounting for the production cost of the resource. This approach also allows for other measures to be put in place such as limits on the recovery cost to ensure the initial investment costs of the contractor are satisfied (Boadway Keen 2008). Another alternative is for the government to take direct ownership in resource based activities especially during the early stages of the venture. This approach can be handled in a number of ways which include the government re ceiving a short fully paid share of equity on commercial terms (Boadway Keen 2008). This approach to management of resources bears the advantage that it will mitigate the political risk involved given that the government has a stake in the arrangement. It may also play a role in reducing the effect of tax avoidance schemes. However, attempts at such arrangements have also revealed the downside of having state companies acting as fiscal agents (Boadway keen 2008). Another approach that has been suggested in the management of natural resources that may have varied results when compared to MRRT is the use of auctions (Boadway Keen 2008). These auctions can be successfully used to allocate rights to exploit resources and generate revenues for the government. To implement this approach simple rationing schemes may be used to allocate stakes on geographical areas. Though there is a high risk involved the owners can maximize profits once successful exploration is complete by charging re nts (Boadway Keen 2008). In relation to auctions the use of simple rationing may not be effective in making the prospects attractive to large producers. Thus it has been suggested that a more suitable approach may be to use technically supported applications (Boadway Keen 2008). It is believed that this approach can generate more revenue provided governments are well informed on how to choose among applicants. It is also crucial that these governments are free from the effects of capture, political influence and corruption for the process to succeed (Boadway Keen 2008). Using auctions provides the explicit advantage of selecting producers while generating revenue. There are several taxation approaches that can be used to levy tax on resources. However, consideration must be given to the average effective tax rate and the marginal effective tax rates. The main reason for this is to ensure that the rent tax imposed takes into consideration the distortion aspects caused by rent tax. This mode of taxation with some degree of sensitivity to underlying profitability issues may help in easing the pressure associated with such taxation. Throughout the review of literature one consistent notion has been that MRRT my influence new exploration in Australia. For this reason there is a need to look into investment activity in the region. In this regard it is reported that global resource investment is driven by the need for resources in rapidly growing Chinese and Indian markets (Drysdale Findlay 2008). These economies have in recent years emerged to become major player in overseas investment and development. For this reason China and India have the potential to provide opportunity on a scale that already dwarfs established markets in Japan and the rest of Asia. Australia has one of the most efficient mining sectors globally due t its openness in foreign investor competition and participation (Drysdale Findlay 2008). Though still in early stages of industrialization b oth India and China are sources of substantial international capital. This makes both active candidates for growing investment in the Australian resource industry. In the past few decades Australia and most developed countries have made efforts to convince voters that private sector and not government should take the lead in business management (Drysdale Findlay 2008). It has been observed that Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) plays a major role within the Australian resources sector. Based on statistics from 2006, it was mentioned that mining sector accounts for almost a quarter of the national foreign direct investment. This data suggests that mining produced accumulated stock of foreign investment amounting to almost AUD 77 billion (Drysdale Findlay 2008). In the same year the FDI in manufacturing was AUD 59 billion while FDI in services was AUD 164 billion (Drysdale Findlay 2008). The main reason for the ability to attract FDI is the confidence in the Australian investment env ironment. In addition to the above data it has also been reported that FDI accounts for over half the capital formation in all industries in Australia. In sectors such as mining in 2006, FDI accounted for half the capital formation and in some years forms an even higher proportion (Drysdale Findlay 2008). This fact is further complicated by data that indicates China is already Australia’s most significant trading partner (Drysdale Findlay 2008). It has been suggested that the trade relationship with China stands to become the most significant economic relationship in Australia. Despite the large FDI contribution by China there has been increased uncertainty about the treatment of Chinese FDI in the resources sector (Drysdale Findlay 2008). Due to this uncertainty it has been mentioned that rent tax has the potential to damage future growth in resources sector and interrupt Australia’s participation in Chinese economic growth. To dispel such uncertainty it has been s uggested that Australia reassert the market framework to allow for all foreign investment proposals to be examined in Australia (Drysdale Findlay 2008). In addition to that it has been suggested government to government initiation arrangements are made for routine consultation on issues of competition, corporate governance and financial transparency issues. The management of natural resources is a major issue given that they make a significant contribution to revenue in most nations (Perrings Vincent 2003). It has been observed that in recent time’s economic growth has seen half the world’s population double their income every decade (Torvik 2009). It has also been noted that countries that report the most growth had relatively little natural resources and many people. This has led to a sharp increase in prices or resources in comparison to industrial goods (Torvik 2009). In countries with properly established mechanisms to manage property rights and little corruptio n it has been observed that natural resources may contribute to growth (Torvik 2009). This situation informs on the role of institutional quality in terms of profits generated from natural resources. Another observation that plays a role in revenue generated from natural resources can be attributed to the role of parliament in democracies. It has been suggested that natural resources tend to benefit the country more when a parliamentary system is dominant within a nation (Torvik 2009). Proper management of natural resources is crucial given that the availability of resources has been known to feed corruption and affect quality of institutions (Bhattacharyya Hodler 2009). In studies on the role of institutions in management of natural resources it has been noted that resource rents can increase corruption and reduce quality of institutions (Bhattacharyya Hodler 2009). Analysis The suggestion to use MRRT comes in light of the failures associated with its predecessor the Resource Sup er Profit Tax (RSPT) (Ibp USA 2005). Controversy regarding use of RSPT began sometime in 2010 and ended with the eventual downfall of the then Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd (Ibp USA 2005). The response to the RSPT controversy created supporter and opposition groups composed of various stakeholders. The supporters included the Federal government, Australian Council of Trade Unions, Mining Unions and The Australian Greens. The opposition included the mining industry and mining lobby groups. In light of this controversy and resultant issues a proposal to utilize a different approach (MRRT) emerged. In designing an appropriate structure for resource rent there are three primary elements to consider namely, specified rate of return for imposition of the tax, specified tax rates imposed on net profits and the tax base (Daniel, Keen McPherson 2010). This form of taxation is widely used in the Petroleum industry and has been considered fairly effective in management of natural resou rces. Based on analysis of data from the petroleum industry it has been mentioned that resources rent provide ability to tie taxation directly to the projects profitability (Tordo 2007). In its pure form all taxes are deferred until all expenditure has been recovered and the project has yielded a defined target (Tordo 2007). If this approach is used in the Australian case it is likely to reduce the potential impact on exploration activity. One shortcoming of MRRT is that potential gains may be reduced by some of its characteristics. The first issue is due to the fact that the proposed tax has been set at a relatively low level and thus the taxation of profits of mining companies may remain much lower than prior to the mining boom (OECD 2010). In addition to that the efficiency gains promised by the MRRT are likely to be reduced by its coverage of only larger firms and certain sectors (OECD 2010). This suggests that for maximum efficiency the tax should be imposed on all sectors in t he resources industry. The suggestion to impose the tax on mining projects of coal and iron ore suggests that the imposition of MRRT is likely to distort investment incentives in mining projects involving coal and iron ore (OECD 2010). This is further complicated due to the fact that mining ventures will remain subject to royalties which provide a large disincentive for marginal projects such as exploration (OECD 2010). To mitigate this condition it has been suggested that royalties should be replaced entirely by a well designed Resource Rent Tax. This approach is believed to have the potential to simplify the tax system and remove state incentives to increase royalties with counterproductive effects. Despite the significant commotion that the imposition of MRRT has caused it should be noted that the increased revenues from resources are aimed at financing a number of novel schemes (OECD 2010). It has been reported that with these funds authorities plan to make gradual increments to the compulsory pension contribution rate (OECD 2010). This action is meant to improve equity of the tax treatment of retirement savings for the currently disadvantaged low income earners in the country. It has been proposed that an increase of between 9 and 12% this contribution between the years 2009-20 (OECD 2010). These funds have also been earmarked for infrastructure financing. In line with this the government aims to establish the new Regional Infrastructure Fund whose assets are expected to reach AUD 6 billion in the next decade (OECD 2010). The goal to improve infrastructure is of special importance given that Australia experiences a shortfall in infrastructure (OECD 2010). This shortage of infrastructure could worsen due to demand pressures exerted by the mining boom currently being experienced in the country. In response to this demand and for the avoidance of potential bottlenecks, authorities have placed bolstering infrastructure at the top of their policy agenda (OECD 2010). The increased expenditure on infrastructure has the ability of creating significant benefit given that this type of reform has a tendency of influencing both public and private investment choices (OECD 2010). The imposition of the MRRT on the resource industry in Australia has varying implications for the sector. It has been mentioned that Resource Taxation has the potential to distort and inhibit investment and production within the sector at four different margins (Garnaut 2010). These include the ability to constrain investment in exploration, investment in new mines, investment in expansion of old mines and production from each mine (Garnaut 2010). It should be noted that distortion is not restricted to MRRT alone because specific and ad valorem royalties are also likely to have an effect on inhibition of investment in exploration. Such royalties have a minimal effect on investment in new mine development and even less effect on expansion of existing mines (Garnaut 2010). Based on this position it appears that MRRT will have some effect on the mentioned areas. Another problem with the MRRT is that it raises questions on the Federal-State relationship which have the potential to destabilize access to the resources. It is important that these issues are resolved alongside settling of the structure for resources taxation and it is not an easy task (Garnaut 2010). This is because of the issue in relationship to ownership of mined resources. Whereas treasury suggests Australian resources belong to all Australians, state officials argue resources belong to the people in the state where they are mined (Fenna 2012). The issue of Federal-State relationship comes into play based on the fact that responsibility for mineral leasing is handled by the State. On the other hand, the Commonwealth has constitutional authority for corporate taxation which by dint of interpretation suggests over riding authority on fiscal matters (Garnaut 2010). The apparent uproar by State based authorities appears questionable due to their inability to introduce better means of resource taxation. In summary, it should be noted that the main advantage that comes with resource rent tax is its neutrality (Tordo 2007). However, the approach also comes with the disadvantage that tax can only be realized when defined rate of return or target payback is achieved (Vanoli 2005). The disadvantage can be avoided by using a suitable combination of royalty and/or corporate income tax (Smith 2012). This also appears a suitable solution to the issue of the Federal-State relationship in Australia (Warren 2012). The main difficulty with resource rent tax is determination of an effective target rate. This suggests a deeper understanding of the project and exogenous conditions. In this case it is suggested that the government liaise with stakeholders in the industry to determine a fair target rate (Warren 2012). Conclusion In this report the discussion has attempted to analyze th e move to change the approach used to tax organizations involved in extraction of some natural resources in Australia. This is essential given that extraction of these nonrenewable natural resources makes significant contributions to government revenue in many countries (Lund 2008). The exploitation of natural resources has seen the evolution of various taxes to manage revenue from natural resources. In Australia, the mining sector has for a long time played a vital role in national development. The main reason that there has been steady growth in the natural resource extractions sector is due to the relative political stability and regulation arrangements (Novak Moran 2011). However, in light of changes in the commonwealth and an unproductive fiscal stimulus there was a need to identify mechanisms that could improve revenue generation. This position thus formed a basis to improve efficiency in the taxation of nonrenewable natural resources. It is hoped that such a policy (MRRT) wi ll help in reducing the divergence in growth between resource rich and non resource rich regions in Australia (Novak Moran 2011). It should be noted that the main advantage with the MRRT is based on its neutrality. Based on this characteristic the approach allows for maximum revenue generation. However, some have argued that the imposition of MRRT has the potential of influencing future investment decisions within the mining industry (Tordo 2007). This point is a matter of concern given that a large portion of expenditure in the mining sector comes from FDI. This suggests that unless the MRRT is adjusted appropriately it is likely to cause loss of revenue from potential exploration organizations. In addition to the potential to lose FDI, there is the issue of the Federal-State relationship. Despite these challenges it has been mentioned that if the effective target rate is properly calculated the risks associated with MRRT are likely to be minimal. For this reason it appears that f or the success of this new tax regime close partnership between government and stakeholders in mining is necessary. It is believed that with such considerations, the MRRT regime should be successful in Australia. References Bhattacharyya, S Hodler, R 2009, ‘Natural Resources, Democracy and Corruption’, OxCarre Research paper, No. 2009-20, pp 1-44. Boadway, R Keen, M 2008, ‘Theoretical Perspectives on Resource Tax Design’, Queen’s Economic Department Working Paper, No. 1206, pp. 1-70. Daniel, P, Keen, M McPherson, C 2010, The Taxation of Petroleum and Minerals: Principles, Problems and Practice, Routledge, Oxon. Drysdale, P Findlay, C 2008, ‘Chinese Foreign Direct Investment in Australia: Policy Issues for the Resource Sector’, Paper for Presentation at Crawford School Public Seminar, pp. 1-45. Fenna, A 2012, ‘The Character of Australian Federalism’, eJournal of Tax Research, vol. 10.1, p. 12-20. Garnaut, R 2010, ‘T he New Australian Resource Rent Tax’, University of Melbourne, pp. 1-21. Garnaut, R 2010, ‘Principles and Practice of Resource Rent Taxation’, The Australian economic Review, vol. 43.4, pp. 347-256. Ibp USA 2005, Australia Mineral and Mining sector Investment and Business Guide, International Business Publications, USA. Lund, D 2008, ‘Rent Taxation for non Renewable Resources’, The Annual Review of Resource Economics, vol. 9, pp. 1-43. Novak, J Moran, A 2011, ‘Submission to inquiry into the Mineral Resource Rent Tax Bill 2011 and related bills’, Institute of Public Affairs, pp. 1-29. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 2008, OECD Economic Surveys: Australia 2008, OECD Publishing, Australia. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 2010, OECD Economic Surveys: Australia 2010, OECD Publishing, Australia. Perrings, C Vincent J 2003, Natural Resource Accounting and economic Development: Theory a nd Practice, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, Cheltenham, UK. Smith, G 2012, ‘The way forward on state tax reform: an AFTSR perspective’, eJournal of Tax Research, vol. 10.1, p. 126-137. Tordo, S 2007, Fiscal Systems for Hydrocarbons: Design Issues, World Bank Publications, Washington D.C. Torvik, R 2009, ‘Why do some resource-abundant countries succeed while other do not?’, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, vol. 25.2, pp. 241-256. Vanoli, A 2005, A History of National Accounting, IOS Press, Amsterdam. Warren, N 2012, ‘Fiscal Federalism under Review (at Speed)’, eJournal of Tax Research, vol. 10.1, p. 5-11. Warren, N 2012, ‘Fiscal equalization and State incentive for policy reform’, eJournal of Tax Research, vol. 10.1, p. 165-181. This essay on The Mining Sector of Australia: New Taxation Arrangements was written and submitted by user Trinity Osborne to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Odysseus essays

Odysseus essays Imagine yourself in control of fate, the fate of yourself and the fate of your friends. And for everything you do there could be a horrible outcome that affects lives of everyone you know including your own. Now you can see how Odysseus and his crew were not accountable for the misfortune they received. The situations were merely fate. Isaac Newton once stated, For every action there is an equal but opposite reaction, but what is everything was beyond your control and left up to a higher power to decide? The higher power, the gods, for every action there could be a huge reaction. Odysseus and his men had no control due to fate and the gods. When it comes to the fate of your destiny can you handle it, the pressure of knowing what will happen to you? Fate is the dictionary is defined as the force that predestines an inevitable event. Another word for fate could be chance, luck, or even doom. With that in consideration, fate is a possibility of something good or something bad. Odysseus and his men were put in many situations way beyond their control. How can you control chance, how can you stop the future from happening, its impossible to control. Odysseus could not have power over every one of his ship mates, he can help guide them but he is only human and cant do everything. Like when Odysseus warns his men not to eat the forbidden fruit yet they do anyway and he ends up loosing his whole crew. Bearing in mind that Odysseus did do some guilty tasks on his 20-year journey, the gods had overall power. Odysseus was simply a puppet to the gods, if they wanted him to jump he jumped, but dont think that Odysseus wanted to jump. For instance when Odysseus was a Circes he really wanted to leave at first then got used to it and then was forced to leave by Zeus. Another example would be that it was Poseidon who kept Odysseus from getting home for 10 years wondering the open ocean not knowing where he was go...

Research paper about the play A streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Essay

Research paper about the play A streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams - Essay Example She is a weak character, with no clear opinion of her own. She is forever vacillating between taking sides with her husband and her sister - whoever happens to be more convincing at the moment. She takes the easy way out in a situation that she alone has the power to put a stop to. And because of her lack of decision things get completely out of hand and reach the point of no return. She eventually betrays her sister, lets her husband get away with rape, and in the process ends up living a lie. Let's take the main players: Stanley Kowalski and Blanche Dubois are both strong characters, but they are the antitheses of each other. Blanche finds it difficult to face reality. She prefers to hide behind illusions and pretenses. As she tells Mitch (Scene 9) "I don't want realism. I want magic!" Whereas Stanley is as real as the piece of raw meat he handles at the beginning of the play. Blanche relies on the "kindness of strangers" (Scene 11), while Stanley is clearly a self-made man with his destiny firmly within his control - or at least till Blanche turns up to disturb the balance. He is honest to the point of brutality, unlike Blanche for whom 'life is too full of evasions and ambiguities', so she not only deceives others, but herself too. Blanche describes Stanley as a "survivor of the Stone Age". While this is too extreme, Stanley is clearly a male chauvinist and has a rather primitive streak when it comes to women. He treats Stella quite roughly and demonstrates his power over women with his demands and aggressiveness, whereas Blanche swoons and uses weaknesses to get her own way. However they behave, throughout the play, it will be noticed that Stanley and Blanche are true to their selves, but the same cannot be said of Stella. Stella comes from the same genteel background as Blanche, but she has chosen a more earthy and coarse lifestyle. Unlike Blanche who despite her checkered lifestyle is more of a romantic, Stella follows her basic animal instincts more than any intellectual or romantic call. Before Blanche comes on the scene, she is happy enough with her husband. To his credit, Stanley welcomes Blanche with an open mind. He puts up with her fancy ideas about the dcor, the way she hogs the tub with her predilection for hot water baths, drinks up all his liquor (without contributing in the least towards the house) and flirts with his poker pals. It is only when she starts putting him down, and turning his wife against him that he feels threatened and strikes out - in an instinctive animalistic way, and then he goes straight for the jugular. Stella should have been more sensitive to the needs of her husband, who clearly loves and cares for her. She has made a commitment to love, honor and obey him, therefore he should have been her priority, but she not only invites Blanche to stay, she encourages Blanche's disparaging comments about her husband. Stella should also have realized that any houseguest is bound to upset the natural rhythm of a household. But with a dangerously disturbed and destructive guest like Blanche there's no way there can be any peace in the house. Especially when her husband and sister practically strike sparks off each other every time they interact. Stella should have made her choice a long time back, and ended