Essay about The Trial of Galileo - 598 Words

The Trial of Galileo The trial of Galileo is an important event in the history of science. We now know, the Roman Catholic church now recognizes, that Galileos view was correct. What were the arguments on both sides of the issue as it was unfolding? Search the web for documents that chronicle the trial and discuss briefly the case for and against Galileo in the context of the times in which the trial occurred. Be sure to accurately reference your web sources! Your posting should be about 2 paragraphs long, and will necessarily need to be fairly concise. End with your opinion about whether or not a similar trial could possible occur in todays civilizations. Support your position. Galileo†¦show more content†¦Even though Galileos beliefs were held in practicing Catholicsim, his writings were showing evidence for â€Å"Copernican heliocentrism.† The Catholic Church, however, disapproved of heliocentricity, feeling that it was contrary to the statements in the Bible: if God created human beings as His supreme creation, He would place man at the center of His cosmos. (At that time the more literal Biblical interpretation was prevalent with the church fathers, especially among the Dominican Order, facilitators of the Inquisition)2 However, real power layed with the Church, and Galileos arguments were most fiercely fought on the religious level. Cardinal Robert Bellarmine insisted that Galileo furnish more adequate proof of his new theories before he would be allowed to teach them as true or even as probably true. Until the proof was put together, the ideas should only be taught as hypothesis. In 1623 Pope Gregory XV died, and Galileos close friend Maffeo Barberini became Pope Urban VIII. The new Pope gave Galileo vague permission to ignore the ban and write a book about his opinions, so long as he did not openly support his theory. Galileo consented, and set to work writing his masterpiece, â€Å"Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems.† Galileo gave more emphasis to mathematical arguments rather than to experimental or physical arguments inShow MoreRelatedThe Trial Of Galileo Galilei1882 Words   |  8 Pagestimes even lent evidence to support each other as being true. However, this all cha nged after the trial of Galileo Galilei in 1633. Galileo was put on trial by the Catholic Church for his heliocentric theory, which the Church declared as being contradictory to the truth of the geocentric theory as spoken by Ptolemy and the Bible. Despite the scientific observations and evidence presented by Galileo in support of the heliocentric theory, the Church struck it down because it contradicted their ownRead MoreThe Trial Of Galileo And The Catholic Church987 Words   |  4 PagesIn the Trial of Galileo, The Roman Catholic church is the largest christian church in the Western civilization .The moral aspect concerns salvation. The Catholic Church was directed by the Holy Scripture by the Church Fathers, which provided the means of eternal salvation: those don t renounce the Catholic Church of Catholicism place their souls in peril. Protestantism was an enemy Galileo had encountered but it derives the Catholic Church of converts because it deprives people from the true idea lRead MoreNicholas Copernicus : The Father Of Modern Science1728 Words   |  7 PagesGalileo Galilei, the most renowned scientist of the Renaissance period, or the â€Å"father of modern science† was known as a jack-of-all-trades: he was an astronomer, physicist, engineer, philosopher, and mathematician just to name a few. But perhaps what he is most known for is spurring the scientific revolution in the late seventeenth century. Galileo challenged what was then considered common knowledge for almost 30 years: for example, the idea of a heliocentric universe. The most controversial ofRead MoreComparison Between Foscarini And Galileo1429 Words   |  6 PagesDestiny Dunham Professor Westman CAT 1 8 November 2016 Foscarini and Galileo Paper Prior to the seventeenth century, geocentrism was nearly universally accepted. The views of Aristotle and Ptolemy became common teachings in universities and the church. It had been common practice to see the Earth as the concrete and unmoving center of the universe, and the sun as but another heavenly body which rotated around the Earth. However, as technology was expanding, new inventions and devices were appearingRead MoreGeocentric Model Of The Galaxy1683 Words   |  7 Pageschastised for it. Galileo Galilei was an astronomer, physicist, engineer, philosopher, and mathematician. When Galileo published his book, The Dialogue, which regarded the positioning of the solar system, the Church believed it was less hypothetical than they expected it to be, which proved to be problematic. The clash between Galileo and the Church can be defined as the difference between Galileo’s belief in heliocentricity, the Church’s belief in geocentricity, and the trial between Galile o and the ChurchRead MoreThe Controversy over the Discoveries of Galileo Galilei Essay examples795 Words   |  4 PagesGalileo Galilei, born February 15th 1564 in the town of Pisa, a man who played a significant role in the Scientific Revolution, he was a man of many talents as he was not only an artist, astronomer and engineer he was also a philosopher, mathematician and physicist to name a few. One of his most outstanding improvements were those made to the telescope, although Galileo’s observations, made using the telescope, would be one that would arouse much attention and create a great controversy. GalileoRead MoreGalileo1113 Words   |  5 PagesGalileo Galilei Galileo Galilei was considered the central figure of the scientific revolution of the 17th century. His role in the history of science was a critical one. He revolutionized the way in which science was conducted, and performed experiments to test his ideas, which led him to be regarded as the father of experimental science. Galileo was born on February 15th, 1564 in Pisa, and was the oldest of seven children. His father, Vincenzo Galilei was a famous composer, lutenist, and musicRead MoreGalileo versus the Catholic Church1679 Words   |  7 Pages145). Copernicus proposed than an axis-revolving Earth circumnavigated around the heart of the universe, the Sun (Andrade, 120). Father Lorini, a Dominican friar and professor of ecclesiastical history in Florence, was among the first to criticize Galileo for his Copernican views (Linder). The Copernican theory contravened the belief of the Holy Scripture that the Earth was in the middle of the universe (Andrade, 125). Lorini used Joshua 1 0:13 and Isaiah 40:22 as support. Joshua 10:13 states that â€Å"SoRead MoreResearh of Galileo Galilei Essay573 Words   |  3 PagesResearh of Galileo Galilei The Italian physicist was born is Pisa on 15 February 1564 (see appendix B). He was the first of seven children. Galileo was educated by a tutor and his father, a nobleman and well known for musical studies. At the age of 11 he was sent to a local monastery where he, like other children of noble people studied Greek, Latin, religion and music. Following his fathers wish, he continued his education, at the age of 17 he enrolled as a student of medicine at the UniversityRead MoreGalileo Galilei And The Modern Experimental Method1445 Words   |  6 PagesGalileo Galilei was born in Pisa, Italy on February 15, 1564. â€Å"His father, Vincenzio Galilei, was a musician whose originality and polemic talents fomented a revolution uniting practice and theory in music much as Galileo was to unite them in science.†I Galileo is credited with establishing the modern experimental method in a time when most progress made by scientists and thinkers was based on hypotheses alone. He began th e practice of testing scientific theories by preforming experiments and observing

Parole For The Elderly - 1147 Words

Parole For The Elderly CJHS/430 Evelyn Diaz 12/08/14 Tina Sebring Paroling the elderly and sick could be the best way to deal with the cost and overcrowding of he prisons. There is a large number of inmates who are elderly and have served half their sentence or more. Even though this is a good idea there are many factors that need to be taken into consideration. The most important of these factors is community safety. In this paper, we will discuss the arguments for and against keeping sick and older adult prisoners in jail. With the rising cost of medical care for the more elderly and chronically ill in the prison system the state has to find a way to bring down costs. One of the ways they are trying to accomplish this†¦show more content†¦The high costs of keeping the elderly and ill incarcerated and the burden on families and communities they are released to are two issues that need to be taken into consideration. The Department of Corrections needs to work more closely with communities to figure out a way to benefit both sides. The release of elderly and ill inmates is the one thing that makes the most sense because the elderly are people that have served most of their time. It serves no purpose to keep them there until they die. Because they are elderly, they suffer from a number of illnesses that cost the state millions yearly in medical care. There are many inmates that are old and frail and may need constant medical assistance. Releasing the elderly and ill will also help in reducing som e of the overcrowding of the prisons. Community leaders have to work with the prisons and reach out to their communities to make the transition for these inmates as cost efficient as possible. Members of communities can help by providing the programs and services that will be needed for them and the families they may be released to. The reality of this argument is that the society has to exhibit some compassion even for those who have broken its laws. The costs of health care in the prisons will rise well above the billions by the year 2019. In order to start reducing the cost states are consideringShow MoreRelatedElderly Parole Essay1297 Words   |  6 PagesParole for the Elderly Tynesha Wilson CJHS 430 November 17, 2014 Christopher Abreu Parole for the Elderly There are many arguments for and against confining the sick and elderly adults in jail. Some of the arguments include but are not limited to the cost to house these inmates (elderly and sick), monies used to house these inmates could be used to fund other programs, where will these inmates go once they are released, the reduction of overcrowding in the prison system, may increase crimeRead MoreSolving The Problem Of An Aging Prison Population1250 Words   |  5 Pagesincreased health care services and sometimes require assistance conducting mundane daily tasks such as bathing, dressing and eating. Older prisoners require assistance just as the elderly may require assistance as a hospice. The costs of these additional requirements result in a substantial increase in incarcerating elderly prisoners. Since the goal of corrections is to rehabilitate and release inmates back into society, the health care required for prisoners on the inside will also be required uponRead MoreThe Issue O f Compassionate Release1167 Words   |  5 Pagesover the last two decades, there was a push to increase arrests, and length of incarceration of criminal offenders. Due to the increase in numbers of offenders incarcerated and the length of their sentences the prison has an increasing population of elderly offenders. In light of this situation, the need to provide medical care for this population has become increasingly more expensive than anyone anticipated. Therefore, there has been a great deal of attention to what is known as compassionate releaseRead MorePrison and Program Review Committee Essay1188 Words   |  5 Pagesarguments do they think have merit? What values underlie each position? How does medical parole or release fit into this discussion? Provide alternative solutions to the problem and discuss their overall impacts. Parole for the elderly CJHS/430 Parole for the elderly The idea of sympathetic release of ill and elderly prisoners is not new. In 1994, Professor Russell published consideration of medical parole and compassionate release programs of district and fifty states of Columbia. Only threeRead MoreAmerica s Spending On The Prison System916 Words   |  4 Pagesprisons, Arizona Legislatures must focus on finding new reforms to limit the population and cost of prisons without harming its citizens. Allowing elderly convicts the option to stay inside their home or nursing home removes the burden of Arizona constantly providing for these elderly. Connecticut created 60 West, a nursing home that catered to elderly prisoners, that saved â€Å"more than $5 million in corrections health care costs annually† (Vestal). Critics of the this new reform system argued thatRead MorePrison Management Strategies The principal goal of prison management is social control.1300 Words   |  6 Pagesupholding good conduct. â€Å"The administration’s plan will allow non–violent second strikers to reduce their sentence by up to 33 percent going forward. During the time these offenders are in the community earlier than they would have otherwise been, state parole agents (rather than county probation officers) will supervise them and any revocation terms will be served in state prison† (Legislative Analyst Office). Usually, after that period of time, these offenders will be observed in their communities byRead MoreBeing A Citizen Of The United States1199 Words   |  5 Pagesargument of elderly prisoners who experience diseases, most likely caused by their old age, had the potential to be released from prison and cared for by their families; I was immediately intrigued by the proposal. Introduced in the editorial, â€Å"Why Keep the Old and Sick Behind Bars?† published in The New York Times. One of the main reasons behind their release is the expense of an elderly criminal’s care, an expense the tax payers must meet. Some statistics show that a very low percent of elderly prisonersRead MoreThe Incarceration Of Aging And Elderly1474 Words   |  6 Pagesindividuals held in the United States Prison system has been growing rapidly. Numerous studies have found that the prison population that is growing most rapidly is the elderly population. For the purposes of this paper, the term aging and elderly population will refer to those who are incarcerated and are over the age of 61. As the number of elderly inmates continues to increase the number of stressors put on both the correctional system and the individual. In general, the correctional system faces a significantRead MoreEvaluation Of A Probation Supervision1737 Words   |  7 Pageshas been described as the strictest form of probation for adults in the United States, and is designed to achieve control in a community setting over offenders who would otherwise go to prison. Some states have extended intensive supervision to paroles, allowing the early release of some who would otherwise serve longer prison terms. The book also mentions that this type of probation can be effective by saying, a study published in 2000 shows that IPS programs can be effective at reducing recidivismRead More1: Crime and People819 Words   |  4 Pagesother age group is experiencing unprecedented incarceration rates? Does this surprise you? Why or why not? Another age group experiencing unprecedented incarceration rates is with very elderly people. Yes, it surprises me very much. I was not expecting to read that at all. I guess mainly because I figured that most elderly people would have a lot more common sense not to do that, and the fact that how are they able to be doing this kind of stuff at their age some of these elders can barely even walk,

definition of contract in european law Essay Example For Students

definition of contract in european law Essay INTRODUCTIONIn my report I am going to look at the formation of contract issue in English Law. I am going to give a brief explanation of how a contract forms. The main body of the project will be about the Termination of Offer. After giving explanations to that matter I will give an example on the same subject under another countrys law jurisdiction. DEFINITION OF CONTRACT IN ENGLISH LAWA contract may be defined as an agreement enforceable by the law between two or more persons to do or abstain from doing same act or acts, their intention being to create legal relations and not merely to exchange mutual promises. In order to decide whether a contract has become into being it is necessary to establish that there has been agreement between the parties. In consequences it must in general be shown that an offer was made by one party called the offeror which was accepted by the other party called the offeree. OFFERAn offer is an announcement of a persons willingness to enter into a contract. An offer may be made to a particular person or, in some cases, to the public at large. An offer to the public at large can only be made where the contract which eventually comes into being is an unilateral one, i.e. where there is a promise on one side for an act on the other. TERMINATION OF OFFERIf an offer is not turned into a contract by acceptance, it may be terminated, that is it may loose its ability to be converted into a contract in a number of ways. First, an offer may be rejected. This destroys the efficacy of the offer in so far as the particular offeree is concerned. The result is that it is no longer open to the offeree to change his mind, and accept the offer after all, unless indeed the offeror renews the offer. If it is asked why the offeree should not be able to change his mind, and have a second bite at the cherry, there are two possible answers. One is that it simply seems fair and right that if an acceptance is immediately binding when communicated, likewise a rejection should be immediately binding. But another possible reason is that if the offeree rejects the offer, the offeror may immediately act on this, for instance, by offering to make the same bargain with a third party. It would then obviously be unfair to allow the offeree to react his rejection. If the second of these was a chief reason for the rule, then the rule should perhaps not apply where the offer is rejected by mistake, and the offeree immediately withdraws the rejection before the offeror has acted on it, and seeks instead to accept it. But it has been held that an offeree may not do this, so perhaps the first of these reasons is the stronger.REVOCATIONThe general rule is that an offer may be revoked, i.e. withdrawn, at any time before acceptance. If there is an option attached to the offer as where the offeror agrees to give seven days for acceptance, the offeror need to keep the offer open for seven days but can revoke it without incurring legal liability unless the offeree has given some consideration for the option. Where consideration, e.g. a payment of, or a promise to pay, money, has been given by the offeree the offeror may still revoke his offer and sell the property which was the subject-matter of the offer to someone else. He will, however, be liable to an action for damages for breach option. It was thought at one time that where the option to buy property was not supported by consideration, the offer could be re voked merely by its sale to another. .ud4e5541a76a1526f2ab65c36045cbc24 , .ud4e5541a76a1526f2ab65c36045cbc24 .postImageUrl , .ud4e5541a76a1526f2ab65c36045cbc24 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud4e5541a76a1526f2ab65c36045cbc24 , .ud4e5541a76a1526f2ab65c36045cbc24:hover , .ud4e5541a76a1526f2ab65c36045cbc24:visited , .ud4e5541a76a1526f2ab65c36045cbc24:active { border:0!important; } .ud4e5541a76a1526f2ab65c36045cbc24 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud4e5541a76a1526f2ab65c36045cbc24 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud4e5541a76a1526f2ab65c36045cbc24:active , .ud4e5541a76a1526f2ab65c36045cbc24:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud4e5541a76a1526f2ab65c36045cbc24 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud4e5541a76a1526f2ab65c36045cbc24 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud4e5541a76a1526f2ab65c36045cbc24 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud4e5541a76a1526f2ab65c36045cbc24 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud4e5541a76a1526f2ab65c36045cbc24:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud4e5541a76a1526f2ab65c36045cbc24 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud4e5541a76a1526f2ab65c36045cbc24 .ud4e5541a76a1526f2ab65c36045cbc24-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud4e5541a76a1526f2ab65c36045cbc24:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Nature EssayREJECTION OF OFFERSExpress rejection of an offer has the effect of terminating the offer. The offeree can not subsequently accept the original offer. A counter-offer, where the offeree tries to change the terms of the offer has the same effect. In Hyde v Wrench (1840) Wrench offered to sell his farm foe 1,000. Hyde offered 950, which Wrench rejected. Hyde then informed Wrench that he accepted the original offer. It was held that there was no contract. Hydes counter-offer had effectively ended the original offer and it was no longer open to him to accept it. A counter-offer must not be confused with a request of information. Such a request does not end the offer, which can still be accepted after the new information has elicited. LAPSE OF TIMEIf a time for acceptance has been stipulated than the offer lapses when the time has expired. If no time has been stipulated then acceptance must be within a reasonable time, and this is a matter of fact for the judge to decide on the circumstances of the case. DEATHDeath after an offer has been accepted cannot effect the validity of a contract. There are, however, cases where either the offeror or the offeree dies before the offer is accepted. If the offeror dies, the offer does not seem to terminate automatically (except where the offer is clearly of such a type that it must end on death). However, the offeree cannot accept the offer once he knows of death of the offeror. The effects of the death of the offeree have not been decided conclusively but uncontradicted dicta suggest that the offer lapses. In Reynolds v Atherton, it was suggested that an offer, being made to a living person, cannot survive his death and be accepted by someone else. This may be an illustration of the basic rule that an offer made to A cannot be accepted by B. On the other hand, if an offer is made to A or B there seems no reason why the death of B should prevent A accepting it. DEFINITION OF CONTRACT IN GERMAN LAWA contract actually consists of two acts: the agreement or the conclusion of a contract of sale as the obligating act (Verpflichtungsgeschaft or Beschluss ), and the performance (Verfugungsgeschaft ), which consists of the transfer of ownership and delivery to the buyer. The letter thus fulfils the declarations of intent in the former. These different legal actions are separated by the principle of abstraction. FORMATION OF A CONTRACT AND TERMINATION OF OFFEROFFER:The offer is a declaration of intent which must be received by the other party. An offer becomes effective only when received by the other party, if not made in the presence of the offeree. Offers made in the actual presence of the offeree or to those in direct contact, i.e. by telephone, must be accepted immediately to remain effective. Any delay will cause the offer to lapse automatically. Whoever makes an offer capable of being accepted, is bound by the offer or if no time is specified, is bound to keep the offer open for a reasonable time. An offer is open to immediate acceptance only by the person to whom it is made if that person is either present or in contact by telephone. The result is that most offer in Germany are not offers but, as with shop displays, would be regarded as invitation to treat. This is known in Germany under the Latin expression invitatio ad offerendum . However, in keeping with ideas of contractual freedom, the offeror can avoid being bound to keep an offer open by including the words freibleibend ( subject to change ) or widerruflich ( revocable ) or ohne Obligo ( without obligation ). Any enquiries as a result or offers made by the other party to the invitation to treat would be treated as an offer. The offer is extinguished if it has been turned down, in which case this declaration must be received by the offeror, if the acceptance is not received in time, or if there is a counter-offer or there is a late acceptance which is treated as a new offer itself. .u61b7feaf7bf555ede399c913cd7f3deb , .u61b7feaf7bf555ede399c913cd7f3deb .postImageUrl , .u61b7feaf7bf555ede399c913cd7f3deb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u61b7feaf7bf555ede399c913cd7f3deb , .u61b7feaf7bf555ede399c913cd7f3deb:hover , .u61b7feaf7bf555ede399c913cd7f3deb:visited , .u61b7feaf7bf555ede399c913cd7f3deb:active { border:0!important; } .u61b7feaf7bf555ede399c913cd7f3deb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u61b7feaf7bf555ede399c913cd7f3deb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u61b7feaf7bf555ede399c913cd7f3deb:active , .u61b7feaf7bf555ede399c913cd7f3deb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u61b7feaf7bf555ede399c913cd7f3deb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u61b7feaf7bf555ede399c913cd7f3deb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u61b7feaf7bf555ede399c913cd7f3deb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u61b7feaf7bf555ede399c913cd7f3deb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u61b7feaf7bf555ede399c913cd7f3deb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u61b7feaf7bf555ede399c913cd7f3deb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u61b7feaf7bf555ede399c913cd7f3deb .u61b7feaf7bf555ede399c913cd7f3deb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u61b7feaf7bf555ede399c913cd7f3deb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: My Career summary EssayACCEPTANCEThe rule is that acceptance, which is also a declaration of intent in the same way as an offer, is effective on arrival, i.e. on receipt. Acceptance must also be unreserved and unconditional. This is important where the offers are left open for a reasonable time or in respect of posting. Therefore, the German rule is that a posted acceptance is binding on receipt. This is interpreted to mean, in a business context, within the sphere of the influence (Machtbereich) of the recipient and, in respect of letters, when it would reasonably be expected the letter would be collected from the mailbox. An offer or acceptance will not be effective if a revocation reached the other party before or at the same time. Therefore, if an offer or acceptance is to be effectively revoked, the revocation must arrive sooner than, or at least simultaneously with, the original. Unless an offer is accepted in a reasonable time it will be extinguished. Acceptance is only possible by those to whom an offer is made. A late acceptance is viewed as a new counter-offer, as are changes or additions. Bibliography 1. Atiyah, P.S. (1995). An Introduction to The Law Of Contract. (4th Edition) Oxford: Clarendon Press 2. Card, R. and James, J. (1997). Law For Accountancy Students. (6th Edition) London: Butterworths3. Foster N.G. (1994). German Legal System Laws. 4. Mueller, R. (1978). Doing Business in Germany. ( 8th Edition) Frankfurt Am Main: Fritz Knapp Verlag.

Candide Voltaires Writing Style Essay Example For Students

Candide Voltaires Writing Style Essay In Candide, Voltaire uses many writing techniques which can also be found in the works of Cervantes, Alighieri, Rabelais and Moliere. The use of the various styles and conventions shows that, despite the passage of centuries and the language differences, certain writing techniques will always be effective. One common literary technique is the authors use of one or more of his characters as his voice to speak out the authors views on a certain subject. For instance, in Molieres Tartuffe, the author uses the character of Cleante to speak out against religious hypocrites page 1419, lines 99-102: Nothing that I more cherish and admire Than honest zeal and true religious fire. So there is nothing that I find more base Than specious pietys dishonest face. In Candide, Voltaire makes use of several characters to voice his opinion mocking philosophical optimism. On page 1594, Candide is asking a gentleman about whether everything is for the best in the physical world as well as the moral universe. The man replies: I believe nothing of the sort. I find that everything goes wrong in our world; that nobody knows his place in society or his duty, what hes doing or what he ought to be doing, and that outside of mealtimes the rest of the day is spent in useless quarrels -its one unending warfare. By having this character take on such a pessimistic tone, he directly contradicts the obviously over-optimistic tone of Candide. In the conclusion page 1617 an old turk instructs Candide in the futility of needless philosophizing by saying that he work keeps us from three great evils, boredom, vice, and poverty. In each of these examples, the character chosen by the author comes across as a reasonable and respectable person, making the authors point of view seem just as reasonable and respectable. Another technique Voltaire uses in Candide is that of taking actual people and events and weaving into his work of fiction. He often does this to mock or ridicule his political and literary adversaries, as shown in the conversation between the abbe and the Parisian supper guests page 1593. The abbe mentions two critics who in Voltaires time have criticized his work. The critics are referred to as boring and impudent by the supper guests. In much the same manner Alighieri, in The Divine Comedy, has placed many of his enemies in various circles of Hell. In one instance page 797, Dante himself pushes one of his political enemies back down into the swampy waters of the river Styx. In Gargantua and Pantagruel, Rabelais mentions a series of text books which are a part of the sort of educational curriculum that he is satirizing. He ridicules their use in that it takes Gargantua so long to learn simple tasks such as memorizing the alphabet. In each of these cases, the authors are able to speak out against people or practices in a way less confrontational than public speaking, as well as state their opinion in a form where they 1 cannot be immediately contradicted. Voltarie has occasion to use the comedic style of exaggeration in Candide, such as the Barons sister refusing to marry Candides father because he can only prove seventy-one quarterings of his family tree. Later, Candide is sentenced to receive a flogging for having deserted the Bulgar army. He must make thirty-six passes through the gauntlet of two thousand troops. More outlandish examples of exaggeration can be found in Gargantua and Pantagruel, such as the size of Gargantuas mare as big as six elephants or the weight of his dumbbells each one is eight hundred and five tons. Beside being entertaining to read, these exaggerations serve to point out the ridiculousness of an ideal by showing it in a preposterous light. The format in which Candide is written closely resembles that of Cervantes Don Quixote. .ue2d595ddc84627fc6b833ec33808e39b , .ue2d595ddc84627fc6b833ec33808e39b .postImageUrl , .ue2d595ddc84627fc6b833ec33808e39b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue2d595ddc84627fc6b833ec33808e39b , .ue2d595ddc84627fc6b833ec33808e39b:hover , .ue2d595ddc84627fc6b833ec33808e39b:visited , .ue2d595ddc84627fc6b833ec33808e39b:active { border:0!important; } .ue2d595ddc84627fc6b833ec33808e39b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue2d595ddc84627fc6b833ec33808e39b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue2d595ddc84627fc6b833ec33808e39b:active , .ue2d595ddc84627fc6b833ec33808e39b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue2d595ddc84627fc6b833ec33808e39b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue2d595ddc84627fc6b833ec33808e39b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue2d595ddc84627fc6b833ec33808e39b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue2d595ddc84627fc6b833ec33808e39b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue2d595ddc84627fc6b833ec33808e39b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue2d595ddc84627fc6b833ec33808e39b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue2d595ddc84627fc6b833ec33808e39b .ue2d595ddc84627fc6b833ec33808e39b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue2d595ddc84627fc6b833ec33808e39b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sup Natl in macbeth1 EssayIn both books, the authors have chosen to name each chapter in a descriptive style; the name of the chapter tends to be a brief description of the action that is to take place within it. Compare chapter three of Don Quixote, Of the amusing manner in which Don Quixote had himself dubbed a knight. with chapter three of Candide, How Candide Escaped from the Bulgars, and What Became of Him. Alighieri uses this method in The Divine Comedy as well, although on a much less descriptive level. Each of the cantos in his Divine Comedy has short three or four word descriptions of what happens in the canto. Many chapters in Candide end with some sort of lead-in to the next chapter, giving the book a certain feel similar to todays television serials. This method is used in Don Quixote chapter 8, but in a much more dramatic fashion. Just as Don Quixote is about to go into battle with the Biscayan, the action is abruptly halted by the narrator who describes how the original author had not finished the story, but that a second author had picked up where the first left off and the action continues in the next chapter. While Cervantes may have been poking fun at this method by useing it in such an exaggerated manner, both he and Voltaire use it effectively to keep the readers attention and make him want to read on to find out what happens next. In Candide, the story is written such that the main character and usually one or more companions have set out on a great journey filled with adventures. It is in this journey that Candides outlook on life is challenged; he is forced to become less optimistic about this world being the best of all possible worlds. Similarly, in The Divine Comedy, Dante goes on a journey as well; through Hell, Purgatory and Heaven with his guide Virgil. Through his travels he is shown the error of other mens ways, serving to remind him of his own sins and to put him back on the right path in life. In Don Quixote, the would-be knight-errant sets out with his sidekick Sancho Panza on an adventure too; determined to right wrongs and save damsels in distress. Through the harsh realities of life he eventually comes out of his insanity and sees that his way of life in his modern world is outdated and obsolete. In placing their characters in these adventures the authors demonstrate that, through experience with real-world situations, these men trying to live by some outdated or far-fetched ideal soon learn the error in their reasoning and adapt themselves to the authors way of thinking. From these examples it can be seen how Voltaire, a writer from the Enlightenment period, uses methods from writers centuries before him to effectively communicate his point to his contemporary readers. The times and issues may be quite different, but the writing style works just as well for him as it did all the way back to the twelfth century.